MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRK



Ataturk's life

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881 - 1938) was the founder and the first President of the Republic of Turkey. Mustafa Kemal was born in 1881 in Salonika (Selanik, today in Greece, then under the Ottoman rule). His father's name was Ali Riza Efendi. His father was customs official.

His mother's name was Zübeyde Hanim. For his primary education, he went to the school of Semsi Efendi in Salonika. But Mustafa lost his father at an early age, he had to leave school. Mustafa and his mother went to live with his uncle in the countryside. His mother brought him up. Life continued like this for a time. Mustafa worked on the farm but his mother began to worry about his lack of schooling. It was finally decided that he should live with his mother's sister in Salonika.

He entered the Military Middle School in Salonika. In 1895, after finishing the Military Middle School, Mustafa Kemal entered the Military High School (Askeri Idadisi ) in Manastir.

After successfully completing his studies at the Manastir Military School, Mustafa Kemal went to Istanbul and on the 13th of March 1899 he entered the infantry class of the Military Academy (Harbiye Harp Okulu). After finishing the Military Academy, Mustafa Kemal went on to the General Staff College in 1902. He was graduated from the Academy with the rank of captain on the 11th of January, 1905.

In 1906, he was sent to Damascus (Sam). Mustafa Kemal and his friends founded a society which they called "Vatan ve Hürriyet" (Fatherland and Freedom) in Damascus. On his own initiative, he went to Tripoli during the war with Italy in 1911 and took part in the defense of Derne and Tobruk. While he was still in Libya, the Balkan War broke out. He served in the Balkan War as a successful Commander (1912-1914). At the end of the Balkan War, Mustafa Kemal was appointed military attache in Sofia.

When Mustafa Kemal was in Sofia, the First World War broke out. He was made Commander of the Anafartalar Group on 8th of August, 1915. In the First World War he was in command of the Turkish forces at Anafartalar at a critical moment. This was when the Allied landings in the Dardanelles (?anakkale Bogazi) took place and he personally saved the situation in Gallipoli. During the battle, Mustafa Kemal was hit by shrapnel above the heart, but a watch in his breast pocket saved his life. Mustafa Kemal explained his state of mind as he accepted this great responsibility: "Indeed, it was not easy to shoulder such responsibility, but as I had decided not to live to see my country's destruction, I accepted it proudly". He then served in the Caucasus and in Syria and just before the armistice in 1918 he was placed in command of the Lightning Army group in Syria. After the armistice (peace agreement), he returned to Istanbul.

After the Armistice of Mondoros, the countries that had signed the agreement did not consider it necessary to abide by its terms. Under various pretexts the navies and the armies of the Entente (France, Britain and Italy) were in Istanbul, while the province of Adana had been occupied by the French, and Urfa and Maras by the British. There were Italian soldiers in Antalya and Konya, and British soldiers in Merzifon and Samsun. There were foreign officers, officials and agents almost everywhere in the country.

On the 15th of May 1919 the Greek Army landed in Izmir with the agreement of the Entente. Under difficult conditions, Mustafa Kemal decided to go to Anatolia. On 16th of May 1919, he left Istanbul in a small boat called the "Bandirma". Mustafa Kemal was warned that his enemies had planned to sink his ship on the way out, but he was not afraid and on Monday19th May 1919, he arrived in Samsun and set foot on Anatolian soil. That date marks the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence. It is also the date that Mustafa Kemal later chose as his own birthday. A wave of national resistance arose in Anatolia. A movement had already begun in Erzurum in the east and Mustafa Kemal quickly placed himself at the head of the whole organization. The congresses in Erzurum and Sivas in the Summer of 1919 declared the national aims by a national pact.

When the foreign armies occupied Istanbul, on 23th of April 1920 Mustafa Kemal opened the Turkish Grand National Assembly and hence established a provisional new government, the centre of which was to be Ankara. On the same day Mustafa Kemal was elected President of the Grand National Assembly. The Greeks, profiting by the rebellion of ?erkez Ethem and acting in collaboration with him, started to advance towards Bursa and Eskisehir. On the 10th of January 1921, the enemy forces were heavily defeated by the Commander of the Western Front, colonel Ismet and his troops. On the 10th of July 1921, the Greeks launched a frontal attack with five divisions on Sakarya. After the great battle of Sakarya, which continued without interruption from the 23rd of August to the 13th of September, the Greek Army was defeated and had to retreat. After the battle, the Grand National Assembly gave Mustafa Kemal the titles of Ghazi and Marshal. Mustafa Kemal decided to drive the enemies out of his country and he gave the order that the attack should be launched on the morning of the 26th of August 1922. The bulk of the enemy forces were surrounded and killed or captured on the 30th of August at Dumlupinar.

The enemy Commander-in-Chief, General Trikupis, was captured. Or the 9th of September 1922 the fleeing enemy forces were driven into the sea near Izmir. The Turkish forces, under the extraordinary military skills of Kemal Atatürk, fought a War of Independence against the occupying Allied powers and won victories on every front all over the country.

On the 24th of July 1923, with the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, the independence of the new Turkish State was recognized by all countries. Mustafa Kemal built up a new, sturdy, vigorous state. On the 29th of October 1923, he declared the new Turkish Republic. Following the declaration of the Republic he started to his radical reforms to modernize the country. Mustafa Kemal was elected the first President of the Republic of Turkey.

Atatürk made frequent tours of the country. While visiting Gemlik and Bursa, Atatürk caught a chill. He returned to Istanbul to be treated and to rest, but, unfortunately Atatürk was seriously ill. At 9.05 AM on the 10th of November 1938, Atatürk died, but he attained immortality in the eyes of his people. Since the moment of his death, his beloved name and memory have been engraved on the hearts of his people. As a commander he had been the victorious of many battles, as a leader he had influenced the masses, as a statesman he had led a successful administration, and as a revolutionary he had striven to alter the social, cultural, economic, political and legal structure of society at its roots. He was one of the most eminent personalities in the history of the world, history will count him among the most glorious sons of the Turkish nation and one of the greatest leaders of mankind.





EVENTS IN ATATUK'S LIFE IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

1) 1881

Mustafa born in Salonika.



2) 1893

Mustafa enters the Military Preparatory School in Salonika and is given the second name "Kemal" by his teacher.

3) 1895

Mustafa Kemal enters the Military High School at Manastir.

4) 1899

Mustafa Kemal enters the infantry class of the Military Academy in Istanbul.

5) 1902

Mustafa Kemal graduates from the Military Academy and goes on to the General Staff College.

6) January 11, 1905

Mustafa Kemal graduates from the General Staff College with the rank of Staff Captain and is posted to the Fifth Army, based in Damascus.

7) October 1906

Mustafa Kemal and his friends from the secret society "Fatherland and Freedom" in Damascus.

8) September 1907

Mustafa Kemal transferred to Third Army and goes to Salonika.

9) September 13, 1911

Mustafa Kemal transferred to General Staff in Istanbul.

10) January 9, 1912

Mustafa Kemal successfully leads the Tobruk offensive in Libya.

11) November 25, 1912

Mustafa Kemal appointed Director of Operations, Mediterranean Straits Special Forces.

12) October 27, 1913

Mustafa Kemal appointed Military Attache in Sofia.

13) April 25, 1915

Allies land at Ariburnu (Gallipoli) and Mustafa Kemal stops their progress with his division.

14) August 9, 1915

Mustafa Kemal appointed Commander of Anafartalar Group.

15) April 1, 1916

Mustafa Kemal promoted to Brigadier-General.

16) August 6-7, 1916

Mustafa Kemal takes Bitlis and Mus back from the enemy.

17) October 31, 1918

Mustafa Kemal becomes Commander of Lightning Group of Armies.

18) April 30, 1919

Mustafa Kemal appointed Inspector of 9th Army based in Erzurum with wide powers.

19) May 16, 1919

Mustafa Kemal leaves Istanbul.

20) May 19, 1919

Mustafa Kemal lands in Samsun. This date was recorded as the start of War of Independence.

21) July 8, 1919

Mustafa Kemal resigns from the post of Inspector of 3rd Army and from the army.

22) July 23, 1919

Mustafa Kemal elected Chairman of Erzurum Congress.

23) September 4, 1919

Mustafa Kemal elected Chairman of Sivas Congress.

24) December 27, 1919

Mustafa Kemal arrives in Ankara with the Excutive Committee.

25) April 23, 1920

Mustafa Kemal opens the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara.

26) May 11, 1920

Mustafa Kemal is condemned to death by the government in Istanbul.

27) August 5, 1921

Mustafa Kemal appointed Commander-in-Chief by the Grand National Assembly.

28) August 23, 1921

The battle of Sakarya begins with Turkish troops led by Mustafa Kemal.

29) September 19, 1921

The Grand National Assembly gives Mustafa Kemal the rank of Marshal and the title Gazi.

30) August 26, 1922

Gazi Mustafa Kemal begins to lead the Great Offensive from the hill of Kocatepe.

31) August 30, 1922

Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha wins the battle of Dumlupinar.

32) September 10, 1922

Gazi Mustafa Kemal enters Izmir.

33) November 1, 1922

The Grand National Assembly accepts Gazi Mustafa Kemal's proposal to abolish the Sultanate.

34) January 14, 1923

Mustafa Kemal's mother Zübeyde Hanim dies in Izmir.

35) October 29, 1923

Proclamation of the Turkish Republic and Gazi Mustafa Kemal is elected as the first President.

36) August 24, 1924

Gazi Mustafa Kemal wears a hat for the first time at Sarayburnu in Istanbul.

37) August 9, 1928

Gazi Mustafa Kemal speaks at Sarayburnu on the new Turkish Alphabet.

38) April 12, 1931

Gazi Mustafa Kemal founds the Turkish Historical Society.

39) July 12, 1932

Gazi Mustafa Kemal founds the Turkish Linguistic Society.

40) June 16, 1934

The Grand National Assembly passes a law granting Gazi Mustafa Kemal the surname "Atatürk".

41) November 10, 1938

Atatürk dies at 09:05 in Dolmabahce Palace, Istanbul















Atatürk's Life



"There are two Mustafa Kemals. One the flesh-and-blood Mustafa Kemal who nowstands before you and who will pass away. the other is you, all of you here who will go tothe far corners of our land to spread the ideals which must be defended with your lives ifnecessary. I stand for the nation's dreams, and my life's work is to make them cometrue."

Atatürk stands as one of the world's few historic figures who dedicated their livestotally to their nations.

He was born in 1881 (probably in the spring) in Salonica, then an Ottoman city, now inGreece. His father Ali Riza, a customs official turned lumber merchant, died when Mustafawas still a boy. His mother Zubeyde, adevout and strong-willed woman, raised him and his sister. First enrolled in a traditionalreligious school, he soon switched to a modern school. In 1893, he entered a military highschool where his mathematics teacher gave him the second name Kemal (meaning perfection)in recognition of young Mustafa's superior achievement. He was thereafter known as MustafaKemal.

In 1905, Mustafa Kemal graduated from the War Academy in Istanbul with the rank ofStaff Captain. Posted in Damascus, he started with several colleagues, a clandestinesociety called "Homeland and Freedom" to fight against the Sultan'sdespotism. In 1908 he helped the group of officers who toppled the Sultan. Mustafa Kemal'scareer flourished as he won his heroism in the far corners of the Ottoman Empire,including Albania and Tripoli. He also briefly served as a staff officer in Salonica andIstanbul and as a military attache in Sofia.

In 1915, when Dardanelles campaign was launched, Colonel Mustafa Kemal became anational hero by winning successive victories and finally repelling the invaders. Promotedto general in 1916, at age 35, he liberated two major provinces in eastern Turkey thatyear. In the next two years, he served as commander of several Ottoman armies inPalestine, Aleppo, and elsewhere, achieving another major victory by stopping the enemyadvance at Aleppo.



On May 19, 1919, Mustafa Kemal Pasha landed in the Black Sea port of Samsun to startthe War of Independence. In defiance of the Sultan's government, he rallied a liberationarmy in Anatolia and convened the Congress of Erzurum and Sivas which established thebasis for the new national effort under his leadership. On April 23, 1920, the GrandNational Assembly was inaugurated. Mustafa Kemal Pasha was elected to its Presidency.

Fighting on many fronts, he led his forces to victory against rebels and invadingarmies. Following the Turkish triumph at the two major battles at Inonu in Western Turkey,the Grand National Assembly conferred on Mustafa Kemal Pasha the title ofCommander-in-Chief with the rank of Marshal. At the end of August 1922, the Turkish armieswon their ultimate victory. Within a few weeks, the Turkish mainland was completelyliberated, the armistice signed, and the rule of the Ottoman dynasty abolished.

In July 1923, the national government signed the Lausanne Treaty with Great Britain,France, Greece, Italy, and others. In mid-October, Ankara became the capital of the newTurkish State. On October 29, the Republic was proclaimed and Mustafa Kemal Pasha wasunanimously elected President of the Republic.



Atatürk married Latife Usakligil in early 1923. The marriage ended in divorce in 1925.

The account of Atatürk's fifteen year Presidency is a saga of dramatic modernization.With indefatigable determination, he created a new political and legal system, abolishedthe Caliphate and made both government and education secular, gave equal rights to women,changed the alphabet and the attire, and advanced the arts and the sciences, agricultureand industry.

In 1934, when the surname law was adopted, the national parliament gave him the name"Atatürk" (Father of the Turks).

On November 10, 1938, following an illness of a few months, the national liberator andthe Father of modern Turkey died. But his legacy to his people and to the world endures.









Atatürk's body was re-interred in this splendid mausoleum in 1953.







Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's Life

"There are two Mustafa Kemals. One is the flesh-and-bone Mustafa Kemal who now stands before you and who will pass away. The other is you, all of you here who will go to the far corners of our land to spread the ideals which must be defended with your lives if necessary. I stand for the nation's dreams, and my life's work is to make them come true."

Atatürk stands as one of the world's few historic figures who dedicated their lives totally to their nations.

He was born in 1881 (probably in the Spring) in Selanik, then an Ottoman city, now in Greece. His father, Ali Riza, a customs official turned timber merchant, died when Mustafa was still a boy. His mother, Zubeyde, a devout and strong-willed woman, raised him and his sister. First enrolled in a traditional religious school, he soon switched to a modern school. In 1893, he entered a military high school where his mathematics teacher gave him the second name Kemal (meaning "perfection") in recognition of young Mustafa's superior achievement. He was thereafter known as Mustafa Kemal.

In 1905, Mustafa Kemal graduated from the Military Academy in Istanbul with the rank of Staff Captain. Posted in Damascus, he started, with several colleagues, a clandestine society called "Homeland and Freedom" to fight against the Sultan's despotism. Mustafa Kemal's career flourished as he won fame and promotions because of his heroism in the farflung corners of the Ottoman Empire, including Albania and Tripoli. He also briefly served as a staff officer in Selanik and Istanbul and as a military attache in Sofia.

When the Dardanelles campaign was launched in 1915, Colonel Mustafa Kemal became a national hero by winning successive vistories and finally repelling the invaders. Promoted to general in 1916, at age 35, he liberated two major provinces in eastern Antalia that year. In the next two years, he served as commander of several Ottoman armies in Palestine and Aleppo, achieving anotherr major victory by stopping the enemy advance at Aleppo.

On May 19, 1919, Mustafa Kemal landed in the Black Sea port of Samsun to start the War of Independence. In defiance of the Sultan's government, he rallied a liberation army in Anatolia and convened the Congresses of Erzurum and Sivas which established the basis for the new national effort under his leadership. On April 23, 1920, the Grand National Assembly was inaugurated. Mustafa Kemal was elected to its Presidency.

Fighting on many fronts, he led his forces to victory against rebels and invading armies. Following the Turkish triumph at the two major battles at Inonu in Western Turkey, the Grand National Assembly conferred on Mustafa Kemal the title of Commander-in-Chief with the rank of Marshal. At the end of August 1922, the Turkish armies won their ultimate victory. Within a few weeks, the Turkish mainland was completely liberated, the armistice signed, and the rule of the Ottoman dynasty abolished.

In July 1923, the national government signed the Lausanne Treaty with Great Britain, France, Greece, Italy and others. In mid-October, Ankara became the capital of the new Turkish State. On October 29, the Republic was proclaimed and Mustafa Kemal Pasha was unanimously elected President of the Republic.

The account of Atatürk's fifteen-year presidency is a saga of dramatic modernization. With indefatigable determination, he created a new political and legal system, abolished the Caliphate and made both government and education secular, gave equal rights to women, changed the alphabet and advanced the arts, sciences, agriculture and industry.

In 1934, when the surname law was adopted, the national parliament gave him the name "Atatürk" (Father of Turks).

On November 10, 1938, following an illness of a few months, the national liberator and the Father of modern Turkey died. His legacy to his people and to the world endures.













Mustafa Kemal Atatürk - Founder of the Republic



"Sovereignty belongs unconditionally to the people."

October 29, 1923 is a fateful date in Turkish history. On that date. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the liberator of his country, proclaimed the Republic of Turkey. The new homogeneous nation-state stood in sharp contrast to the multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire out of whose ashes it arose. The dynasty and theocratic Ottoman system, with its Sultanate and Caliphate, thus came to and end. Atatürk's Turkey dedicated itself to the sovereignty of the national will - to the creation of, in President's words, "the state of the people ".

The Republic swiftly moved to put an end to the so-called "Capitulations ", the special rights and privileges that the Ottomans had granted to some European powers.

The New Turkey's ideology was, and remains, "Kemalism", later known as "Atatürkism". Its basic principles stress the republican form of government representing the power of electorate, secular administration, nationalism, mixed economy with state participation in many of the vital sectors, and modernization. Atatürkism introduced to Turkey the process of parliamentary and participatory democracy.

The first Moslem nation to become a Republic, Turkey has served since the early 1920s as a model for Moslem and non-Moslem nations in the emerging world.































Atatürk's Life / Atatürk'ün Hayatı, The Founder of Turkey

He was born in 1881 (probably in the spring) in Salonica, then an Ottoman city, now in Greece. His father Ali Riza, a customs official turned lumber merchant, died when Mustafa was still a boy. His mother Zubeyde, a devout and strong-willed woman, raised him and his sister. First enrolled in a traditional religious school, he soon switched to a modern school. In 1893, he entered a military high school where his mathematics teacher gave him the second name Kemal (meaning perfection) in recognition of young Mustafa's superior achievement. He was thereafter known as Mustafa Kemal.

In 1905, Mustafa Kemal graduated from the War Academy in Istanbul with the rank of Staff Captain. Posted in Damascus, he started with several colleagues, a clandestine society called "Homeland and Freedom" to fight against the Sultan's despotism. In 1908 he helped the group of officers who toppled the Sultan. Mustafa Kemal's career flourished as he won his heroism in the far corners of the Ottoman Empire, including Albania and Tripoli. He also briefly served as a staff officer in Salonica and Istanbul and as a military attache in Sofia.

In 1915, when Dardanelles campaign was launched, Colonel Mustafa Kemal became a national hero by winning successive victories and finally repelling the invaders. Promoted to general in 1916, at age 35, he liberated two major provinces in eastern Turkey that year. In the next two years, he served as commander of several Ottoman armies in Palestine, Aleppo, and elsewhere, achieving another major victory by stopping the enemy advance at Aleppo.

On May 19, 1919, Mustafa Kemal Pasha landed in the Black Sea port of Samsun to start the War of Independence. In defiance of the Sultan's government, he rallied a liberation army in Anatolia and convened the Congress of Erzurum and Sivas which established the basis for the new national effort under his leadership. On April 23, 1920, the Grand National Assembly was inaugurated. Mustafa Kemal Pasha was elected to its Presidency.

Fighting on many fronts, he led his forces to victory against rebels and invading armies. Following the Turkish triumph at the two major battles at Inonu in Western Turkey, the Grand National Assembly conferred on Mustafa Kemal Pasha the title of Commander-in-Chief with the rank of Marshal. At the end of August 1922, the Turkish armies won their ultimate victory. Within a few weeks, the Turkish mainland was completely liberated, the armistice signed, and the rule of the Ottoman dynasty abolished.

In July 1923, the national government signed the Lausanne Treaty with Great Britain, France, Greece, Italy, and others. In mid-October, Ankara became the capital of the new Turkish State. On October 29, the Republic was proclaimed and Mustafa Kemal Pasha was unanimously elected President of the Republic.



Atatürk married Latife Usakligil in early 1923. The marriage ended in divorce in 1925.

The account of Atatürk's fifteen year Presidency is a saga of dramatic modernization. With indefatigable determination, he created a new political and legal system, abolished the Caliphate and made both government and education secular, gave equal rights to women, changed the alphabet and the attire, and advanced the arts and the sciences, agriculture and industry.

In 1934, when the surname law was adopted, the national parliament gave him the name "Atatürk" (Father of the Turks).

On November 10, 1938, following an illness of a few months, the national liberator and the Father of modern Turkey died. But his legacy to his people and to the world endures.



ATATÜRK'ün HAYATI

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1881 yılında Selânik'te Kocakasım Mahallesi, Islâhhâne Caddesi'ndeki üç katlı pembe evde doğdu. Babası Ali Rıza Efendi, annesi Zübeyde Hanım'dır. Baba tarafından dedesi Hafız Ahmet Efendi XIV-XV. yüzyıllarda Konya ve Aydın'dan Makedonya'ya yerleştirilmiş Kocacık Yörüklerindendir. Annesi Zübeyde Hanım ise Selânik yakınlarındaki Langaza kasabasına yerleşmiş eski bir Türk ailesinin kızıdır. Milis subaylığı, evkaf katipliği ve kereste ticareti yapan Ali Rıza Efendi, 1871 yılında Zübeyde Hanım'la evlendi. Atatürk'ün beş kardeşinden dördü küçük yaşlarda öldü, sadece Makbule (Atadan) 1956 yılına değin yaşadı.

Küçük Mustafa öğrenim çağına gelince Hafız Mehmet Efendi'nin mahalle mektebinde öğrenime başladı, sonra babasının isteğiyle Şemsi Efendi Mektebi'ne geçti. Bu sırada babasını kaybetti (1888). Bir süre Rapla Çiftliği'nde dayısının yanında kaldıktan sonra Selânik'e dönüp okulunu bitirdi. Selânik Mülkiye Rüştiyesi'ne kaydoldu. Kısa bir süre sonra 1893 yılında Askeri Rüştiye'ye girdi. Bu okulda Matematik öğretmeni Mustafa Bey adına "Kemal" i ilave etti. 1896-1899 yıllarında Manastır Askeri İdâdi'sini bitirip, İstanbul'da Harp Okulunda öğrenime başladı. 1902 yılında teğmen rütbesiyle mezun oldu., Harp Akademisi'ne devam etti. 11 Ocak 1905'te yüzbaşı rütbesiyle Akademi'yi tamamladı. 1905-1907 yılları arasında Şam'da 5. Ordu emrinde görev yaptı. 1907'de Kolağası (Kıdemli Yüzbaşı) oldu. Manastır'a III. Ordu'ya atandı. 19 Nisan 1909'da İstanbul'a giren Hareket Ordusu'nda Kurmay Başkanı olarak görev aldı. 1910 yılında Fransa'ya gönderildi. Picardie Manevraları'na katıldı. 1911 yılında İstanbul'da Genel Kurmay Başkanlığı emrinde çalışmaya başladı.

1911 yılında İtalyanların Trablusgarp'a hücumu ile başlayan savaşta, Mustafa Kemal bir grup arkadaşıyla birlikte Tobruk ve Derne bölgesinde görev aldı. 22 Aralık 1911'de İtalyanlara karşı Tobruk Savaşını kazandı. 6 Mart 1912'de Derne Komutanlığına getirildi.

Ekim 1912'de Balkan Savaşı başlayınca Mustafa Kemal Gelibolu ve Bolayır'daki birliklerle savaşa katıldı. Dimetoka ve Edirne'nin geri alınışında büyük hizmetleri görüldü. 1913 yılında Sofya Ateşemiliterliğine atandı. Bu görevde iken 1914 yılında yarbaylığa yükseldi. Ateşemiliterlik görevi Ocak 1915'te sona erdi. Bu sırada I. Dünya Savaşı başlamış, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu savaşa girmek zorunda kalmıştı. Mustafa Kemal 19. Tümeni kurmak üzere Tekirdağ'da görevlendirildi.

1914 yılında başlayan I. Dünya Savaşı'nda, Mustafa Kemal Çanakkale'de bir kahramanlık destanı yazıp İtilaf Devletlerine "Çanakkale geçilmez! " dedirtti. 18 Mart 1915'te Çanakkale Boğazını geçmeye kalkan İngiliz ve Fransız donanması ağır kayıplar verince Gelibolu Yarımadası'na asker çıkarmaya karar verdiler. 25 Nisan 1915'te Arıburnu'na çıkan düşman kuvvetlerini, Mustafa Kemal'in komuta ettiği 19. Tümen Conkbayırı'nda durdurdu. Mustafa Kemal, bu başarı üzerine albaylığa yükseldi. İngilizler 6-7 Ağustos 1915'te Arıburnu'nda tekrar taarruza geçti. Anafartalar Grubu Komutanı Mustafa Kemal 9-10 Ağustos'ta Anafartalar Zaferini kazandı. Bu zaferi 17 Ağustos'ta Kireçtepe, 21 Ağustos'ta II. Anafartalar zaferleri takip etti. Çanakkale Savaşlarında yaklaşık 253.000 şehit veren Türk ulusu onurunu İtilaf Devletlerine karşı korumasını bilmiştir. Mustafa Kemal'in askerlerine "Ben size taarruzu emretmiyorum, ölmeyi emrediyorum!" emri cephenin kaderini değiştirmiştir.

Mustafa Kemal Çanakkale Savaşları'dan sonra 1916'da Edirne ve Diyarbakır'da görev aldı. 1 Nisan 1916'da tümgeneralliğe yükseldi. Rus kuvvetleriyle savaşarak Muş ve Bitlis'in geri alınmasını sağladı. Şam ve Halep'teki kısa süreli görevlerinden sonra 1917'de İstanbul'a geldi. Velihat Vahidettin Efendi'yle Almanya'ya giderek cephede incelemelerde bulundu. Bu seyehatten sonra hastalandı. Viyana ve Karisbad'a giderek tedavi oldu. 15 Ağustos 1918'de Halep'e 7. Ordu Komutanı olarak döndü. Bu cephede İngiliz kuvvetlerine karşı başarılı savunma savaşları yaptı. Mondros Mütarekesi'nin imzalanmasından bir gün sonra, 31 Ekim 1918'de Yıldırım Orduları Grubu Komutanlığına getirildi. Bu ordunun kaldırılması üzerine 13 Kasım 1918'de İstanbul'a gelip Harbiye Nezâreti'nde (Bakanlığında) göreve başladı.

Mondros Mütarekesi'nden sonra İtilaf Devletleri'nin Osmanlı ordularını işgale başlamaları üzerine; Mustafa Kemal 9. Ordu Müfettişi olarak 19 Mayıs 1919'da Samsun'a çıktı. 22 Haziran 1919'da Amasya'da yayımladığı genelgeyle "Milletin istiklâlini yine milletin azim ve kararının kurtaracağını " ilan edip Sivas Kongresi'ni toplantıya çağırdı. 23 Temmuz - 7 Ağustos 1919 tarihleri arasında Erzurum, 4 - 11 Eylül 1919 tarihleri arasında da Sivas Kongresi'ni toplayarak vatanın kurtuluşu için izlenecek yolun belirlenmesini sağladı. 27 Aralık 1919'da Ankara'da heyecanla karşılandı. 23 Nisan 1920'de Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'nin açılmasıyla Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kurulması yolunda önemli bir adım atılmış oldu. Meclis ve Hükümet Başkanlığına Mustafa Kemal seçildi Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, Kurtuluş Savaşı'nın başarıyla sonuçlanması için gerekli yasaları kabul edip uygulamaya başladı.

Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı 15 Mayıs 1919'da Yunanlıların İzmir'I işgali sırasında düşmana ilk kurşunun atılmasıyla başladı. 10 Ağustos 1920 tarihinde Sevr Antlaşması'nı imzalayarak aralarında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nu paylaşan I. Dünya Savaşı'nın galip devletlerine karşı önce Kuvâ-yi Milliye adı verilen milis kuvvetleriyle savaşıldı. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi düzenli orduyu kurdu, Kuvâ-yi Milliye - ordu bütünleşmesini sağlayarak savaşı zaferle sonuçlandırdı.

Mustafa Kemal yönetimindeki Türk Kurtuluş Savaşının önemli aşamaları şunlardır:

• Sarıkamış (20 Eylül 1920), Kars (30 Ekim 1920) ve Gümrü'nün (7 Kasım 1920) kurtarılışı.

• Çukurova, Gazi Antep, Kahraman Maraş Şanlı Urfa savunmaları (1919- 1921)

• I. İnönü Zaferi (6 -10 Ocak 1921)

• II. İnönü Zaferi (23 Mart-1 Nisan 1921)

• Sakarya Zaferi (23 Ağustos-13 Eylül 1921)

• Büyük Taarruz, Başkomutan Meydan Muhaberesi ve Büyük Zafer (26 Ağustos 9 Eylül 1922)

Sakarya Zaferinden sonra 19 Eylül 1921'de Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Mustafa Kemal'e Mareşal rütbesi ve Gazi unvanını verdi. Kurtuluş Savaşı, 24 Temmuz 1923'te imzalanan Lozan Antlaşması'yla sonuçlandı. Böylece Sevr Antlaşması'yla paramparça edilen, Türklere 5-6 il büyüklüğünde vatan bırakılan Türkiye toprakları üzerinde ulusal birliğe dayalı yeni Türk devletinin kurulması için hiçbir engel kalmadı.

23 Nisan 1920'de Ankara'da TBMM'nin açılmasıyla Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kuruluşu müjdelenmiştir. Meclisin Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'nı başarıyla yönetmesi, yeni Türk devletinin kuruluşunu hızlandırdı. 1 Kasım 1922'de hilâfet ve saltanat birbirinden ayrıldı, saltanat kaldırıldı. Böylece Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'yla yönetim bağları koparıldı. 29 Ekim 1923'te Cumhuriyet idaresi kabul edildi, Atatürk oybirliğiyle ilk cumhurbaşkanı seçildi. 30 Ekim 1923 günü İsmet İnönü tarafından Cumhuriyet'in ilk hükümeti kuruldu. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, "Egemenlik kayıtsız şartsız milletindir" ve "Yurtta barış cihanda

barış" temelleri üzerinde yükselmeye başladı.

Atatürk Türkiye'yi "Çağdaş uygarlık düzeyine çıkarmak" amacıyla bir dizi devrim yaptı. Bu devrimleri beş başlık altında toplayabiliriz:

1. Siyasal Devrimler:

• Saltanatın Kaldırılması (1 Kasım 1922)

• Cumhuriyetin İlanı (29 Ekim 1923)

• Halifeliğin Kaldırılması (3 Mart 1924)



2. Toplumsal Devrimler

• Kadınlara erkeklerle eşit haklar verilmesi (1926-1934)

• Şapka ve kıyafet devrimi (25 Kasım 1925)

• Tekke zâviye ve türbelerin kapatılması (30 Kasım 1925)

• Soyadı kanunu ( 21 Haziran 1934)

• Lâkap ve unvanların kaldırılması (26 Kasım 1934)

• Uluslararası saat, takvim ve uzunluk ölçülerin kabulü (1925-1931)



3. Hukuk Devrimi :

• Mecellenin kaldırılması (1924-1937)

• Türk Medeni Kanunu ve diğer kanunların çıkarılarak laik hukuk düzenine geçilmesi (1924-1937)



4. Eğitim ve Kültür Alanındaki Devrimler:

• Öğretimin birleştirilmesi (3 Mart 1924)

• Yeni Türk harflerinin kabulü (1 Kasım 1928)

• Türk Dil ve Tarih Kurumlarının kurulması (1931-1932)

• Üniversite öğreniminin düzenlenmesi (31 Mayıs 1933)

• Güzel sanatlarda yenilikler



5. Ekonomi Alanında Devrimler:

• Aşârın kaldırılması

• Çiftçinin özendirilmesi

• Örnek çiftliklerin kurulması

• Sanayiyi Teşvik Kanunu'nun çıkarılarak sanayi kuruluşlarının kurulması

• I. ve II. Kalkınma Planları'nın (1933-1937) uygulamaya konulması, yurdun yeni yollarla donatılması

Soyadı Kanunu gereğince, 24 Kasım 1934'de TBMM'nce Mustafa Kemal'e "Atatürk" soyadı verildi.

Atatürk, 24 Nisan 1920 ve 13 Ağustos 1923 tarihlerinde TBMM Başkanlığına seçildi. Bu başkanlık görevi, Devlet-Hükümet Başkanlığı düzeyindeydi. 29 Ekim 1923 yılında Cumhuriyet ilan edildi ve Atatürk ilk cumhurbaşkanı seçildi. Anayasa gereğince dört yılda bir cumhurbaşkanlığı seçimleri yenilendi. 1927,1931, 1935 yıllarında TBMM Atatürk'ü yeniden cumhurbaşkanlığına seçti.

Atatürk sık sık yurt gezilerine çıkarak devlet çalışmalarını yerinde denetledi. İlgililere aksayan yönlerle ilgili emirler verdi. Cumhurbaşkanı sıfatıyla Türkiye'yi ziyaret eden yabancı ülke devlet başkanlarını, başbakanlarını, bakanlarını komutanlarını ağırladı.

15-20 Ekim 1927 tarihinde Kurtuluş Savaşı'nı ve Cumhuriyet'in kuruluşunu anlatan büyük nutkunu, 29 Ekim 1933 tarihinde de 10. Yıl Nutku'nu okudu.

Atatürk özel yaşamında sadelik içinde yaşadı. 29 Ocak 1923'de Latife Hanımla evlendi. Birçok yurt gezisine birlikte çıktılar. Bu evlilik 5 Ağustos 1925 tarihine dek sürdü. Çocukları çok seven Atatürk Afet (İnan), Sabiha (Gökçen), Fikriye, Ülkü, Nebile, Rukiye, Zehra adlı kızları ve Mustafa adlı çobanı manevi evlat edindi. Abdurrahim ve İhsan adlı çocukları himayesine aldı. Yaşayanlarına iyi bir gelecek hazırladı.

1937 yılında çiftliklerini hazineye, bir kısım taşınmazlarını da Ankara ve Bursa Belediyelerine bağışladı. Mirasından kızkardeşine, manevi evlatlarına, Türk Dil ve Tarih Kurumlarına pay ayırdı. Kitap okumayı, müzik dinlemeyi, dans etmeyi, ata binmeyi ve yüzmeyi çok severdi. Zeybek oyunlarına, güreşe, Rumeli türkülerine aşırı ilgisi vardı. Tavla ve bilardo oynamaktan büyük keyif alırdı. Sakarya adlı atıyla, köpeği Fox'a çok değer verirdi. Zengin bir kitaplık oluşturmuştu. Akşam yemeklerine devlet ve bilim adamlarını, sanatçıları davet eder, ülkenin sorunlarını tartışırdı. Temiz ve düzenli giyinmeye özen gösterirdi. Doğayı çok severdi. Sık sık Atatürk Orman Çiftliği'ne gider, çalışmalara bizzat katılırdı.

Fransızca ve Almanca biliyordu. 10 Kasım 1938 saat 9.05'te yakalandığı siroz hastalığından kurtulamayarak İstanbul'da Dolmabahçe Sarayı'nda hayata gözlerini yumdu. Cenazesi 21 Kasım 1938 günü törenle geçici istirahatgâhı olan Ankara Etnografya Müzesi'nde toprağa verildi. Anıtkabir yapıldıktan sonra nâşı görkemli bir törenle 10 Kasım 1953 günü ebedi istirahatgâhına gömüldü.





FOTOĞRAF ALBÜMÜ

































































































MUSTAFA KEMAL MECLİSTE























































MUSTAFA KEMAL ANADOLU’DA (USAK)





MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRK

(1881-1938)









ATATÜRK CEPHEDE





ATATÜRK HALKLA BİRLİKTE